Some consider sight the most important of our five senses, because vision tells us more about the world around us than other senses. Eyes are complex, intricate, and delicate. Eye disorders include: errors of refraction, such as nearsightedness; problems with the parts of the eye you can see, such as the lens and the iris; the two forms of glaucoma; disorders that affect the structures in the inner layer of the eye, including the retina; as well as problems with the muscles and other tissues that surround the eye.
Blepharitis is a common inflammatory condition that affects the eyelids. Some people have no symptoms, but most experience eyelid burning, itching, and irritation. In severe cases, blepharitis may cause styes and irritation and inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva, called keratitis and conjunctivitis, respectively. People who have blepharitis often have systemic diseases, such as rosacea and seborrheic dermatitis, as well as eye diseases, such as dry eye syndromes, chalazion, or trichiasis.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: Gentamicin, Natamycin, Neomycin, Sulfacetamide
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Acetylcysteine, Itraconazole, Tacrolimus
A chalazion is a small mass in the eyelid, caused by a blockage of a tiny oil gland in the eyelid. These chalazia develop within the eyelid’s Meibomian glands, the sebaceous glands that produce the tear film that lubricates the eyes. The eyelid has about 100 of these glands, located near the eyelashes. A chalazion begins as diffuse swelling and tenderness and later forms a cyst-like localized swelling.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: None
Off-Label Prescription Drug Breakthrough Option: Triamcinolone Acetonide
Cystoid macular edema (CME) is swelling of the macula — the central retina at the back of the eye — that typically occurs as a result of diseases such as uveitis or diabetes, injury or, more commonly, eye surgery, especially cataract surgery. Fluid collects within the layers of the macula, causing blurred, distorted central vision. CME rarely causes permanent loss of vision, but recovery is often slow and gradual over the course of months.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: None
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Diclofenac and Ketorolac, Triamcinolone Acetonide
Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the intraocular cavities. It may be noninfectious, as a result of a retained contact lens, surgery, trauma, or a toxic agent. But it is usually due to an infection, such as virus, bacteria, or fungus.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: None
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Fluconazole, Itraconazole
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is dry eye — inadequate protection of the cornea because of either inadequate tear production or abnormal constitution of the tears, which results in excessively fast evaporation or premature destruction of the tear film. The tear film is normally composed of three layers: a lipid (fat) layer; an aqueous (water) layer (produced by the lacrimal glands); and a mucin layer. Any abnormality in these layers can produce dry eye symptoms.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: Cyclosporine, Rose Bengal
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Acetylcysteine, Tacrolimus
An oculogyric crisis is a spasmodic movement of the eyeballs into a fixed position, usually upward, that persists for several minutes or hours. It is an acute dystonia - sudden, uncoordinated muscle movements - the eye muscle is holding too much tension. It most commonly occurs as a side effect of treatment with certain drugs, especially those of the class called neuroleptics, used to treat psychosis, tic disorders, hallucinations, and various disorders of excess involuntary movement. It may also occur with other drugs to treat psychiatric and neurological conditions, as well as head trauma and brain infections.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: None
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Benztropine, Diazepam, Lorazepam
Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve that causes pain and vision loss by damaging to the sheath around the nerve. It often occurs as the first symptom of multiple sclerosis although it may occur on its own. You must receive prompt treatment to help prevent permanent vision damage.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: Betamethasone, Cortisone, Dexamethasone, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Triamcinolone
Off-Label Prescription Drug Breakthrough Option: Methylprednisolone
Outer retinal necrosis is a very serious form of retinopathy — damage to the retina at the back of the eye. It has been theorized that this disorder may be caused by viruses, such as chickenpox or herpes. Progressive outer retinal necrosis is most commonly seen in people with AIDS.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: None
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Acyclovir and Foscarnet, Immune Globulin IgG
A pterygium is a mass that forms on the conjunctiva and extends onto the cornea. They vary from small, quiet lumps to large, rapidly growing ones that can severely distort the cornea and distort the optical center. They may become inflamed, causing redness and irritation, cosmetic problems, or damaged vision, all of which may be cause for surgical removal.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: None
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Cyclosporine (ocular), Doxorubicin, Mitomycin, Thiotepa
The outer layer of the eyeball is the tough sclera, the inner coat is the thin retina, and the middle layer is the uvea. The uvea is composed of the choroid (a layer rich in blood vessels that supply the eye with oxygen and nutrients), and the ciliary body (an area towards the front of the eye where the choroid thickens), and the iris (which gives the eye color and in the center of which is an opening, the pupil, which looks like a black disc). Inflammation of any part of the uvea is called uveitis. It may be caused by infection, autoimmune disease, trauma, or unknown causes.
Commonly Prescribed (On-Label) Drugs: Betamethasone, Cortisone, Dexamethasone, Homatropine, Prednisolone, Prednisone, Rimexolone, Scopolamine, Triamcinolone
Off-Label Prescription Drugs Breakthrough Options: Azathioprine, Chlorambucil, Cyclopentolate, Cyclophosphamide, Cyclosporine, Diclofenac Ophthalmic, Ketorolac, Methotrexate, Methylprednisolone, Mycophenolate Mofetil, Tacrolimus, Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection
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